­­ ກຸ່ມ​ປະ​ເທດ ອາ​ຊຽນ (The Countries Of Asean: Philippines (Lao language)
div-Wua-eUb-dka-jtuld
  

dYbx-VK-jDf-lk-ENa (zp-tPv-VPa)

Lfn: tYs-Ek-Ek


VK-jDf-Dp

¨



zp-tPv-VPa

jwoJk-Rbcx-lk-ENa: 8 ePs-rk 1967

aK-Wla-rtcs: xK-ap-tk

VK-Ek-dla: 97 thka Woa

jauJl-Dpg: 300,000 dx2

Wckx-rak-jjraha: 320 Woa/dx2

lk-nY-Vka-dks: 22.9 Vp

ek-eK-rak: jdulv 85% jVia-Ekc-WP-e-SNa. xp-Ekc-xYf-eK-tPx-FI-aca-raygs rtu QUh-xk-Zyd-ek-eK-rak. ebca-Ekc-qYf-jjxba-xp-rahln-fNc-jDogk-aiJa.

qk-ek: qk-ek-DK-dk-tild (qk-ek-zp-tPv-VPa) jjtK lis-dPf jVia-Dks-dka jEPgs-xp 8 qk-ek-Dhls-CPga-ebca-Grnb-wls-qk-ek-Dk-dK-tild.

jef-CK-dPf: jef-CK-dPf-EYf-LEx-tos-Ebcs-tK-vlv-dPa-ePa-voa-wls-lK-fpf-VK-Dka-VK-jDf xk-LWe, jjthc-xia-dmg-zuJa-zU-Wua-xk-EhkA. VK-FY-via-rtkn-Woa-Ga-zp-tPv-VPa-wyJa-div-dka-eogs-jsPa-Fkd-qpg-ahls-Dpg-nhkn-HV-Sbks-VK-jDf jqugl-Eld-rk-cNd-jRif-ska-DI. Chk-xia-ek-xkf-dkn-xk-jVia-Wckx-rxiJa-Wos-Dks-dka-jxuls zp-tPv-VPa-dmg-lkf-FK-dkn-xk-jVia-raygs-Ga-jl-jEn-Dpg-xp-jef-CK-dPf-jwiJx-jjws-Dpg-eYf-lpd-WiJs-Hfh.

tkn-Hfh-Smg-Woa: $1,790 (ÕÓ)

tkn-Hfh-VNv-DNv-Smg-Woa: $3,500 (ÕÓ)

tK-fiv-tkn-Hfh-VNv-DNv: 162

eI-VK-ePf-FP-ap: 45.8


fPa-jjfa-Dpg-xp-jdkK-rtkn

RUv-jDPs: Ga-cia-Dp 27 jfula jx-ek Vp 1521, dYbx-DK-rka-wls-VK-jDf-Vld-SYn-dka-Hfh-jwoJk-LFx-Sp-jdkK-raygs-wls-zp-tPv-VPa. QUh-aI-jdkK-Wu tk-VU-tk-VU, Hfh-aI-qk-aid-Rov-wls-Soa-lld-HV-Smg-eUh-Shka-div-DK-rka-Vld-SYn-dka. qcd-jwok-Hfh-whk-QUh-aI jjtK DK-rka-Vld-SYn-dka-FI-aca-rtkn-Skn. RUv-ViJa-apJ-Fygs-Cud-SiJs-Hch-jqugl-jVia-dNf-jjdb tk-VU-tk-VU, cP-tK-vY-tYf-QUh-DI-lPf-jjrbs-VK-jDf-zp-tPv-VPa, jqugl-Smg-Shka-tK-vlv-Fid-dK-qif-aP-nox-jjrbs-jlp-Tov.


VK-jDf-zp-tPv-VPa-jVia-rxUb-jdkK-rtkn-dcbk 7,000 jdkK. jdkK-Dpg-Grnb-Dpg-eYf-nkc-VK-xka 800 dx. jaigs-Fkd-Zigs-DK-jt-jl-jEn-Sk-jcia-lld-ebNs-GSh jjSb-jdkK-ahln-vks-FI-aca-BUb-Gdh-div-xk-jt-jEn jjtK lPa-Lf-ja-jEn. VK-xka 2/3 wls-quJa-Dpg-zp-tPv-VPa jjxba-BUb-aI-els-jdkK-apJ-Wu: jdkK-tU-Ela Dks-qkd-jraul jjtK xPa-fk-jaok Dks-qkd-GSh.

zp-tPv-VPa-SiJs-BUb-Ga-cos-jjrca-Hz jEPgs-jVia-cos-tif-eK-rxp-Dpg-jjQba-fPa-Hrc jjtK qU-jwok-Hz-tK-jvpf-jVia-jtugls-Vod-dK-SP. jdkK-ebca-rtkn-dmg-Soc-wyJa-Fkd-jDogk-Cbka jjtK Sox-wls-qU-jwok-Hz-foa-aka-xk-jjthc. Ga-lK-fpf qcd-xia-Cud-Vod-WYx-fhcn-Vbk-Zoa (Vbk-Syv) jjSb-cbk-Vbk-rtkn-jjrbs-Cud-Sif-nhla-wkf-dka-Wcv-WYx-dka-Sif-Hxh-Dbla. jjQba-fPa-Hrc-jVia-jtugls-Dogc-HV jjtK qU-jwok-Hz-nis-Wos-tK-jvpf-BUb-FI-aca-raygs.

VK-rcif-ekf

vks-jdkK-Ga-zp-tPv-VPa-Hfh-xp-Woa-xk-lk-He-BUb-aiv-jVia-jc-tk-rtkn-dcbk 50,000 Vp-xk-jjthc. Ga eK-SK-cif-Dp 8 Ekc-Whk-wkn-Fpa-xk-Rlf jjtK xp-rtkn-Woa-Hfh-lk-He-BUb-Dpg-aiJa. QUh-xk-lk-He-dYbx-DI-lPf-lpd-jjxba-xk-Fkd-jl-jEn-Sk-jcia-lld-ebNs-GSh jjtK-Fkd-via-fk-VK-jDf-Ga-jjCv-lk-Tiv. Ht-nK-apJ zp-tPv-VPa-Hfh-jEugl-Cu-rtkn-ek-eK-rak-VK-eox-VK-eka-dia jEiga: jEugl-Cu-cPa-nka, lP-e-tkx jjtK qYf-DK-ek-eK-rak.

Ga-eK-SK-cif-Dp 16 jRul-wls jjlif-eK-Vkn-xk-Rlf. DK-rka-jjlif-eK-Vkn-Hfh-Byf-lI-akf-Wlv-Wls-jdkK jjtK-jRif-Grh-zp-tPv-VPa-jVia-roc-jxuls-wyJa-wls-qcd-jwok. jjlif-eK-Vkn-qK-nk-nkx-jRif-Grh-Woa-Dhls-CPga-GEh-qk-ek jjtK ek-eK-rak-wls-qcd-jwok Wu ek-eK-rak-WP-e-SNa. qK-aid-ska-tif-wls-jjlif-eK-Vkn nis-Grh-Woa-Dhls-CPga-aI-GEh-akx-eK-dYa-jjvv-jjlif-eK-Vkn. VK-FY-via Woa-zp-tPv-VPa-jdulv-Dis-rxof-nis-GEh-akx-eK-dYa-jjvv-jjlif-eK-Vkn jCPs-jjxba-cbk via-qK-vU-tYf-wls-qcd-jwok-Dis-rxof-jjxba-Woa-jl-jEn. xp-rtkn-CK-raoa, Soc-jxuls jjtK jjwcs Dpg-nis-Wos-GEh-Eug-jjvv-jjlif-eK-Vkn. jjxba-jjSb-Eug-VK-jDf dmg-nis-jjxba-Eug-jjlif-eK-Vkn Wu Eug-wls-dK-eif zp-tPv 2 wls-jjlif-eK-Vkn.

rtkn-WiJs Woa-zp-tPv-VPa-dmg-dka-FK-tk-Foa jjSb-dls-Div-jjlif-eK-Vkn-dmg-nis-jwiJx-jjws-jdpa-HV. Ga-Vp 1898 dls-Div-jRul eK-rK-tif-lK-jx-TP-dk-Hfh-Grh-dka-Ebcn-jrtul-Woa-zp-tPv-VPa-dmg-dka-dK-vof jqugl-jlok-EK-aK-jjlif-eK-Vkn. zp-tPv-VPa-VK-dkf-jl-dK-tkf-Ga-Vp 1898 jjSb-eK-rK-tif-lk-jx-TP-dk-xp-jjac-WPf-luga-lpd: eK-rK-tif-lk-jx-TP-dk-jlok-jsPa-FI-aca 20 thka Lf-tk Grh-jjlif-eK-Vkn jjtK-VK-dkf-cbk qcd-jwok-Hfh-EuJ-jlok-VK-jDf-zp-tPv-VPa-jjthc. tK-rcbks 15 Vp-Smg-xk Woa-zp-tPv-VPa-jdulv-raygs-thka-Woa-toJx-Skn-wK-aK-Dpg-Smg-eUh-jqugl-lPf-eK-tK-qkv-wls-qcd-jwok-Shka-div-eK-rK-tif-lK-jx-TP-dk. qcd-jwok-qbkn-jjqh jjtK-Foa-jCPs Vp 1946 zp-tPv-VPa-Hfh-dkn-jVia-roc-jxuls-wyJa-wls-eK-rK-tif-lk-jx-TP-dk.

eK-rK-tif-lk-jx-TP-dk-Hfh-Fif-SiJs-LRs-RNa-vmg-jen-Wbk Dpg-Cud-GEh-jqugl-jQpn-jjQb-qk-ek-lis-dPf jjtK jjac-WPf-wls-lk-jx-TP-dk. dka-eyd-ek-Dpg-jqpgx-wyJa Hfh-Ebcn-jrtul-Woa-zp-tPv-VPa jjSb-qcd-jwok-dmg-Hfh-eUa-jen-cif-DK-aK-DI-zp-tPv-VPa-HV. Qoa-dmg-Wu VK-FY-via-apJ VK-jDf-zp-tPv-VPa-Cu-cbk jVia-VK-jDf-Dpg-xp-cif-DK-aK-DI-Sk-jcia-Sod-rtkn-Dpg-eYf-Ga-via-fk-VK-jDf-jl-jEn-Sk-jcia-lld-ebNs-GSh. RUv-jsok, dP-tk jjtK-foa-Sp-jjvv-lk-jx-TP-dk-jVia-Dpg-aP-nox-dia-rtkn-dcbk-wls-Dhls-CPga. jqkK-lPf-DP-qoa-wls-jjlif-eK-Vkn jjtK lk-jx-TP-dk zp-tPv-VPa-Fygs-jVia-VK-jDf-fNc-Ga-VK-jDf-lk-ENa-Dpg-Woa-ebca-rtkn-Cu-ek-eK-rak-WP-e-SNa.

Wu-dia-div-rtkn-VK-jDf-roc-jxuls-wyJa-Ga-jl-jEn Woa-zp-tPv-VPa-Hfh-Riv-lPf-eK-tK-qkv-Ga-Vp 1946 rtis-Fkd-eos-Wkx-Ltd-WiJs-Dp ÉÉ. aK-Wla-rtcs jjtK VK-jDf-luga-rtkn-VK-jDf jdulv-cbk-Cud-DI-tkn-HV-nhla-eos-Wkx. Ga-dka-Slv-jjDa Dpg-Grh-jVia-lPf-eK-tK-qkv. eK-rK-tif RNd-Rhls-Wckx-eK-jrxp-qkv-Wua-Bbks-rtcs-rtkn jEPgs-jRif-Grh-VK-jDf-zp-tPv-VPa-lbla-jjl-tos. Soc-Bbks: lk-jx-TP-dk-xp-ePf-jDogk-DNx-div-Woa-zp-tPv-VPa-Ga-dka-aI-GEh-Eiv-qK-nk-dla-DI-xK-Ekf-Fkd-jdkK-SbksA. nPgs-dcbk-aiJa dYbx-dka-jxuls-Dpg-jjSd-Sbks-dia-nis-Wos-fI-japa-dka-Smg-eUh-dia. nhla-jrf-apJ VK-jDf-Fygs-FK-jtpa-Ehk.

jzp-fp-aka xk-LWe Hfh-dkn-xk-jVia-VK-Dk-ak-DP-vm-fp-jxugl-Dhkn-Vp 1965. Ga-jvuJls-SoJa tkc-jtpgx-SoJa-VK-SP-RUv-dka-eyd-ek jjtK dka-dK-eP-dI-jVia-Bbks-fp. jjSb-Ga-Vp 1972 jxugl-eK-qk-tif-CK-DI-xK-aUa-Shls-dka-Grh xk-LWe lld-Fkd-SI-jjrabs tkc-qif-VK-SP-jef. tkc-DI-Soa-jVia-QK-jfif-dka-wls-VK-jDf. tkc-Cud-eK-raiv-eK-raUa-Fkd-rxUb-jqugla-Dpg-Rigs-xp jjtK dka-Ebcn-jrtul-Fkd-eK-rK-tif-lk-jx-TP-dk jjtK-dls-Div-wpJ-Lds. jVia-jc-tk 14 Vp Dpg-VK-jDf-lbla-jjl Foa-dK-DiJs xk-LWe Cud-dof-fia-Grh-lld-Fkd-rhls-dka. Woa-Dpg-tcn nPgs-Rigs-xp-wyJa-dcbk-jdogk, ebca-Woa-Dpg-DYd-Foa nPgs-DYd-tos-dcbk-jdogk jjtK-Woa-Gf-dmg-Skx-Dpg-Smg-Shka-tkc-Cud-Fiv-wis-WYd rtu Cud-VK-rka-Ep-cPf.

jxugl-VK-Ek-DP-VK-HS-div-Wua-xk-Ga-Vp 1986 VK-jDf-dmg-jVia-rapJ-xK-rk-eka. dka-eyd-ek-rtYf-tos jjtK tif-CK-vka-dmg-jSix-HV-fhcn-qK-aid-ska-Wof-Lds Fygs-jRif-Grh-VK-jDf-Ekf-qif-DK-ak-Bbks-EhkA.

xp-vks-Eoa-jQogk-quJa-jxuls-Ga-zp-tPv-VPa-jjxba-qcd-tbk-roc-xK-aYf. RUv-qkv-apJ-jjShx-wyJa-Hfh-VK-xka 200 Vp-xk-jjthc.

LF-je Tp-Eka: cP-tK-vY-tYf zp-tPv-VPa

LF-je Tp-Eka jdpf-Ga-zp-tPv-VPa. jxugl-jVia-raYbx tkc-Hfh-HV-VK-jDf-jjlif-eK-Vkn jqugl-RX-RNa. jc-tk-aiJa zp-tPv-VPa-jVia-roc-jxuls-wyJa-wls-jjlif-eK-Vkn jjtK-vmg-foa Tp-Eka-dmg-jwoJk-GF-cbk-VK-Ek-Eoa-Ga-VK-jDf-wls-tkc-dI-tis-Cud-VK-SP-vif-Bbks-vmg-jVia-DI Lfn-Woa-jjlif-eK-Vkn. tkc-Dcs-Ckx-tif-CK-vka-jjlif-eK-Vkn jqugl-Grh-Woa-zp-tPv-VPa-xp-ePf-lld-eNs-rtkn-wyJa-Ga-tif-CK-vka-wls-qcd-jwok jjSb jjlif-eK-Vkn-VK-SP-jef. LF-je div-xk-VK-jDf-wls-tkc jjtK-euv-Smg-qK-nk-nkx-VK-SP-RUv-tif-CK-vka-Wua-Grxb. QUh-aI-jjlif-eK-Vkn-jcoJk-SocK-dbNc-div-ePgs-Dpg-tkc-dI-tis-jRif jjthc-qcd-jwok-dmg-Fiv-tkc-Ga-wmJ-rk-dK-vof-wkn-Ekf jjtK-VK-rka-tkc-Ga-Vp 1896 jxugl-tkc-lk-nY-Hfh 35 Vp.

Tp-Eka vmg-jWpn-LW-eK-ak-eogs-jepx-lPf-eK-tK-qkv-Grh-jjdb-zp-tPv-VPa, tkc-qNs-jcoJk-cbk Woa-zp-tPv-VPa-Wca-FK-Hfh-Riv-ePf-lld-eNs-rtkn-wyJa-Ga-tif-CK-vka-wls-qcd-jwok. jjSb-rtis-Fkd-dka-Cud-VK-rka-Ep-cPf-wls-tkc Ekc-zp-tPv-VPa-rtkn-Woa-Hfh-Smg-eUh-raid-wyJa-jqugl-lPf-eK-tK-qkv-Fkd-jjlif-eK-Vkn.

jef-CK-dPf

Ga-EYx-Vp 1960 jef-CK-dPf-wls-zp-tPv-VPa jwiJx-jjws-eYf-Ga-jl-jEn jEPgs-xp-qNs-npg-VYba-Dpg-jwiJx-jjws-dcbk. jjSb-qkn-GSh-dka-Vod-Wls-lia-Wof-Lds-wls jzp-fp-aka xk-LWe jjSb-Vp 1965 rk Vp 1986 Wckx-Rigs-xp-wls-VK-jDf-Cud-xk-LWe, Wlv-Woc jjtK jqugla-ZUs-eUv-jlok-jVia-FI-aca-rtkn. jxugl-jzp-fp-aka xk-LWe rap-Fkd-VK-jDf, tkc-dmg-jlok-jsPa-rtkn-SuJ-Lf-tk-Dpg-Hfh-Fkd-dka-Wof-Lds-HV-aI. jxn-wls-tkc-GEh-jsPa-Bbks-zYx-jzuln jqugl-EuJ-jWugls, aks EuJ jdpv 2,700 WUb, Cos-qkn 888 rabcn. Ga-wK-aK-aiJa Woa-DYd-Foa-Cud-VK-C{x, vmg-xp-cNd-jRif jjtK vmg-xp-lk-rka-qNs-qm jjtK-VK-jDf-Ekf dmg-dI-tis-BNc-Bk-via-rk-wls-nYd-Dpg-xp-dka-Wof-Lds-Bbks-EhkA.

Ekc-zp-tPv-VPa-rtkn-thka-Woa xp-jCPs 8% wls-qoa-tK-jxuls-Dis-rxof Hfh-nhkn-HV-eUb-VK-jDf-Sk-jcia-Sod jqugl-Eld-cNd-Dpg-xp-tkn-Riv-eUs-dcbk jjthc-eogs-jsPa-div-jxul-jRula-Grh-Wlv-Woc-wls-qcd-jwok. apJ-jVia-dka-eK-rals-tkn-Hfh-jjdb-zp-tPv-VPa. jjSb-Fkd-dka-Hfh-Riv-tkn-Hfh-lia-rtcs-rtkn jjtK-nkc-aka-apJ jjDa-Dpg-FK-jVia-dka-Ebcn-jrtul-VK-jDf-wls-qcd-jwok-qif-DK-ak-jef-CK-dPf jjtK tif-CK-vka-Grh-jwiJx-jjws, Woa-ska-Dpg-xp-Did-eK-jrtogk-aiJa qif-Ebcn-VK-jDf-luga-Dpg-Rigs-xpdcbk. Wlv-Woc-wls-qcd-jwok-xp-tkn-Hfh-rtkn-wyJa jjSb-dmg-Shls-VK-eov-Wckx-DYd-GF-jxugl-jjxb rtu qmg-HV-jRif-cNd-BUb-Hd-jVia-jc-tk-rtkn-Vp. Ga-wK-aK-Dpg-xp-cP-dPf-dka-jef-CK-dPf-wK-rnkn-HV-Dogc-Ltd, Woa-ska-Dpg-HV-jRif-cNd-BUb-Sbks-VK-jDf-dmg-Hfh-VK-jEpa-div-via-rk-Grxb-Wu: qcd-jwok-jen-cNd-Dpg-Sbks-VK-jDf jjtK-Hfh-div-xk-zp-tPv-VPa, jjSb-jxugl-div-xk-vhka-jdpf vks-Woa-dmg-vmg-xp-cNd-ska-FK-jRif Wu-Sla-Dpg-qcd-jwok-Fkd-HV.

Hq-DI-xK-Ekf

dka-tK-jvpf-Dpg-RYa-jjRs + DK-jt-ekv-Dpg-ecn-skx

Ga-Vp 1991 xp-qU-jwok-Hz-rabcn-raygs-Eug-cbk VP-ak-SY-Lv (Íïõîô Ðéîáôõâï) Hfh-tK-jvpf-wyJa-Ga-VK-jDf-zp-tPv-VPa. xia-jVia-dka-tK-jvpf-wls-qU-jwok-Hz-Dpg-Grnb-Dpg-eYf-Ga-Ltd rtis-Fkd-dka-tK-jvpf-wls-qU-jwok-Hz-BUb-lk-jx-TP-dk Ga-Vp 1912. rpa jjtK wpJ-fPa-FI-aca-rtkn-Hfh-qYbs-wyJa-jDPs-lk-dkf jjtK Chk-xia-Sod-tos-xk-Geb-jauJl-Dpg-wls-jjwcs-rtcs-qK-vks xia-FK-jRif-Grh-jjwcs-rtcs-qK-vks-eUs-wyJa-lpd-raygs-jjxif.

jxugl-dhla-rpa jjtK tk-ck-jrtogk-aiJa-Hrt-Sod-tos-xk, aO-raid-wls-qcd-xia-Hfh-jRif-Grh-jRula-rtkn-rtis-jen-rkn, Dis-Hfh-whk-QUh-Woa-Dpg-BUb-Ga-jRula-aiJa-fhcn. xp-QUh-jen-Ep-cPf-rtkn-dcbk 800 Woa. wpJ-jDogk-Fkd-qU-jwok-Hz-Hfh-dK-Fkn-HV-Hd-Dpg-eYf-Foa-Rlf-VK-jDf-rcNf-akx.

dka-tK-jvpf-Hfh-jRif-Grh-Vkd-qU-jwok-Hz-wK-rnkn-dchks-lld-rtkn. VK-FY-via-apJ Vkd-qU-jwok-Hz-jjxba-jSix-HV-fhcn-aO, jRif-Grh-jVia-DK-jt-ekv-Dpg-ecn-skx-lpd-jjrbs-raygs. jjSb-Ga-cia-raygs-whks-rahk, qU-jwok-Hz-rabcn-apJ-FK-Shls-tK-jvpf-wyJa-lpd.

Ga-VK-jDf-zp-tPv-VPa qU-jwok-Hz-vmg-jjxba-Hq-lia-SK-tkn-Dks-DI-xK-Ekf-jjSb-Bbks-fNc-jDogk-aiJa. nis-xp-qk-nY-jwf-Rhla-Dpg-Grnb-rtkn jqPga-jlpJa-cbk qk-nY-GSh-ZYba, jEPgs-xid-FK-qif-xk-Fkd-xK-rk-eK-rxYf-Vk-Ep-zPd. DYdA-Vp qk-nY-GSh-ZYba-jrtogk-apJ-FK-qif-Qbka-VK-jDf-zp-tPv-VPa. qk-nY-GSh-ZYba-Dpg-jria-BUb-Ga-qkv-apJ-xp-Wckx-dchks-jCPs 300 dP-Lt-jjxif jjtK qif-fhcn-Wckx-Hc 280 dx Smg-Eogc-Lxs.

xK-ap-tk, jxuls-rtcs-wls-VK-jDf-zp-tPv-VPa jjxba-jxuls-raygs-Dpg-Grnb-Dpg-eYf-Ga-Ltd. ald-Fkd-apJ-jjthc-nis-jVia-jxuls-Dpg-xp-QUh-Woa-jjl-lif-rtkn-Dpg-eYf-Ga-Ltd-fhcn, eK-jtbn-jjxba 43,000 Woa-Smg-dP-Lt-jjxif-xoa-Doa.

jqpgx-jSpx

xK-rk-cP-DK-nk-Ht Eia-LS LD-xke Hfh-Cud-ehks-SiJs-wyJa-BUb-VK-jDf-zp-tPv-VPa Ga-Vp 1611. jEPgs-jVia-xK-rk-cP-DK-nk-Ht-Dpg-jdogk-jjdb-Dpg-eYf-Ga-jl-jEn.


VK-jq-ap-wls-Ekc-Sk-jcia-Sod-Hfh-jwoJk-xk-Div-Cox-VK-jq-ap-quJa-jxuls-wls-zp-tPv-VPa-rtkn, jjSb-dka-aYbs-Cu jjtK dka-zhla-quJa-jxuls-nis-Wos-xp-Grh-jria-Ga-ska-vYa-SbksA.


wls-rcka-Dpg-aP-nox-Ga-VK-jDf-zp-tPv-VPa dmg-Wu wls-rcka Rk-Lt-Rk-Lt, jwok-jFoJk-FK-jlok-aO-dhla-Dpg-vof-jjthc-VK-eox-Geb-div-aO-Ska, rxkd-Cogc jjtK aox-wYha. rtis-Fkd-aiJa dmg-jlok-rxkd-Hxh-Dpg-xp-ep-eia-eof-Ge-cks-Geb-Dks-jDPs.

aP-Dka-wls-zp-tPv-VPa

fis-DI-lPf

jjSb-dpJ-jjSb-dbla jxugl-WiJs-nis-vmg-Dia-xp-rabcn-Ltd jjtK xK-aYf. Ga-Dhls-zhk-xp-jDv-qK-jFoJk-Grnb-Soa-raygs-Eug-cbk jx-tY qK-los-jVia-jDv-qK-jFoJk-Dpg-xp-QPc-qia-wkc-Qbls jjtK xp-jjwhc-jVia-WI. qK-los-xp-Wckx-Eox-Euga-nPa-fp-Smg-QPc-qia-lia-wkc-QYf-Qbls-wls-Soa qK-los-Fygs-tUv-QPc-qia-BUb-SK-rtlf-jc-tk jqugl-Rid-ek-Grh-xia-wkc-QYf-Qbls.

QPc-rais-Skn-Dpg-qK-los-tUv-lld jjthc-jlok-xia-dls-Hch jxugl-Hfh-QPc-rais-Skn-qNs-qm-jjthc qK-los-Fygs-ViJa-Grh-jVia-rabcn-Ltd. jjSb-nis-xp-QPc-rais-Skn-rahln-raygs-jrtul jqPga-Fygs-ViJa-jVia-eif-Ltd-Dpg-xp-Ep-cPf-els-ePgs-wyJa jrxula-div-qK-los, qNs-jjSb-xia-xp-wK-rakf-ahln-dcbk-jDogk-aiJa.

qK-los-ViJa-QUh-DI-lPf-eI-jtif-jjthc jjSb-vmg-Hfh-jRif-fis-jDugl, jqPga-Hfh-euv-Smg-ViJa-QUh-Dp-els-Foa-eI-jtif jjtK-dmg-vmg-Dia-jRif-fis-Wu-dia. wK-aK-Dpg-qK-los-dI-tis-WoJa-WPf-cP-Dp-FK-jRif-fis-BUb-aiJa ahls-Vyd-wls-qK-los-dmg-xk-Rlf.

“Grh-whk-ahln-jRif-fis-jjx½,” tkc-jcoJk, “qK-los-Eos-xbca-xk-rtkn-jjthc, wm-Grh-whk-ahln-Hfh-jRif-aI-jjfb.”

jDv-qK-jFoJk-jx-tY-vmg-Bkd-Grh-ahls-jEpJ-Ehk-jsP-sK-wls-jqPga-jRif-jtpn jjSb-Ga-Dpg-eYf-qK-los-dmg-Eos-lK-aY-nkf. figs-aiJa ahls-Vyd-Fygs-Hfh-jRif-fis. Ga-wK-aK-Dpg-qK-los-lld-HV-jRif-ePgs-luga-BUb-whks-ald. jxugl-fis-Dis-els-eI-jtif-jjthc ahls-Vyd-wls-qK-los-dmg-jlok-fis-SPf-Geb-Gv-rahk-Dis-els jjSb-vis-jlpa-tkc-SPf-tcs-VpJa, jlok-jvuJls-xp-RU-wyJa-jDPs jjthc-tkc-dmg-rap-HV.

xuJ-raygs jxugl-Zoa-Sod-raid-tos-Geb-rahk-Ltd-rabcn-Grxb xK-aYf-Grxb-els-Woa-apJ-dmg-BUb-Bbks-tI-vkd-rtkn jqkK-aO-Zoa-Hrt-tos-HV-Skx-Qox-fI-Eug jjthc-Hrt-tos-jwoJk-RU-fis-wls-qcd-jwok. figs-aiJa qcd-jwok-Fygs-Hfh-jlok-roc-SiJs-tos jjthc-jlok-Spa-EpJ-wyJa-zhk-BUb-dhls-SoJa-Hxh-Grnb tm-Chk-Foa-dcbk-Zoa-FK-jEok jjtK-qcd-jwok-Shls-Hfh-jRif-jjvv-apJ-DYdA-WiJs-Dpg-xp-Zoa-Sod-tos-xk.

qK-los-ViJa-QUh-DI-lPf-eI-jtif-jjthc jjSb-vmg-Hfh-jRif-fis-jDugl, jqPga-Hfh-euv-Smg-ViJa-QUh-Dp-els-Foa-eI-jtif jjtK-dmg-vmg-Dia-jRif-fis-Wu-dia. wK-aK-Dpg-qK-los-dI-tis-WoJa-WPf-cP-Dp-FK-jRif-fis-BUb-aiJa ahls-Vyd-wls-qK-los-dmg-xk-Rlf.

“Grh-whk-ahln-jRif-fis-jjx½,” tkc-jcoJk, “qK-los-Eos-xbca-xk-rtkn-jjthc, wm-Grh-whk-ahln-Hfh-jRif-aI-jjfb.”

jDv-qK-jFoJk-jx-tY-vmg-Bkd-Grh-ahls-jEpJ-Ehk-jsP-sK-wls-jqPga-jRif-jtpn jjSb-Ga-Dpg-eYf-qK-los-dmg-Eos-lK-aY-nkf. figs-aiJa ahls-Vyd-Fygs-Hfh-jRif-fis. Ga-wK-aK-Dpg-qK-los-lld-HV-jRif-ePgs-luga-BUb-whks-ald. jxugl-fis-Dis-els-eI-jtif-jjthc ahls-Vyd-wls-qK-los-dmg-jlok-fis-SPf-Geb-Gv-rahk-Dis-els jjSb-vis-jlpa-tkc-SPf-tcs-VpJa, jlok-jvuJls-xp-RU-wyJa-jDPs jjthc-tkc-dmg-rap-HV.

xuJ-raygs jxugl-Zoa-Sod-raid-tos-Geb-rahk-Ltd-rabcn-Grxb xK-aYf-Grxb-els-Woa-apJ-dmg-BUb-Bbks-tI-vkd-rtkn jqkK-aO-Zoa-Hrt-tos-HV-Skx-Qox-fI-Eug jjthc-Hrt-tos-jwoJk-RU-fis-wls-qcd-jwok. figs-aiJa qcd-jwok-Fygs-Hfh-jlok-roc-SiJs-tos jjthc-jlok-Spa-EpJ-wyJa-zhk-BUb-dhls-SoJa-Hxh-Grnb tm-Chk-Foa-dcbk-Zoa-FK-jEok jjtK-qcd-jwok-Shls-Hfh-jRif-jjvv-apJ-DYdA-WiJs-Dpg-xp-Zoa-Sod-tos-xk.

xuJ-raygs-jDv-qK-jFoJk jx-tY eis-jdf-jria-cbk xp-Zoa-fp-qP-jef-dI-tis-Sod-tos-eUb-Ltd qK-los-dmg-tos-xk-jvPgs-xK-aYf-Dis-els Lfn-rcis-cbk-FK-jria-xK-aYf-Dis-els-fp-GF, Ekv-EyJs-Ga-qK-WYa jjtK xbca-div-aO-Zoa-Dpg-qK-los-VK-Dka-xk-Grh-qcd-jwok.

jjSb-qK-los-dmg-Shls-jjVd-GF jxugl-jria-els-Woa-aiJa jlok-roc-SiJs-tos-fPa-BUb-dhls-SoJa-Hxh-SoJa-raygs.

“qcd-jFoJk-jRif-rnis-jjvv-apJ?” qK-los-Ckx-qhlx-Dis-VpJa-qcd-jwok-Grh-div-xk-Bua-fhcn-els-wk-Wu-jdogk.

wK-aK-aiJa-jls qK-los-jria-cbk-xp-aO-Zoa-Hrt-tos-Skx-jeiJa-Qox jjthc-Hrt-jwoJk-HV-Ga-RU-fis-wls-qcd-jwok. qK-los-jdulv-lof-diJa-eNs-roc-Hch-vmg-Hfh jxugl-jria-eK-qkv-lia-rahk-lpg-fU-Soa-jjdx-SK-tod-jjvv-apJ jjthc-qK-los-dmg-jjdh-Hw-Grh-xia-Cud-Shls.

jDv-qK-jFoJk-jx-tY-fys-fis-Dis-els-lld jjthc-SPf-jwoJk-Wua-Grh-Cud-tcs Lfn-Grh-RU-fis-tos-Dks-tYbx Wu-div-fis-wls-qcd-jRok-DYd-cia-apJ.

Smg-HV -VK-jDf-Dp 9