div-Wua-eUb-dka-jtuld
  

Ltd-tK-vkf jjtK ePgs-Dpg-Wca-RUh

wNaLfn tYs EkEbk

SlaDp3

£

EknWoaapJjjxbaEoa-jQogk- “xkvTp-” tbk-eifBUbGaVbk. apJ-jjxba-RUv-Cbkn-Ga-Vp 1937 jEPgs-GaeK-Hrx-dbla-xK-aYf-jRok-dmg-Hfh-fI-tos-Ep-cPf-jjvv-apJ.

jxuls-SbksA-div-LTd-tK-vkf

jxuls jjtK aK-Wla-jjrbs-DI-lPf

xK-aYf-Ga-nYd-DI-lPf-vmg-Hfh-lk-He-BUb-Ga-rxUb-vhka-Wu-div-VK-FY-via-apJ, qcd-jwok-lk-He-jVia-dYbx-Wlv-Woc-ahln. Ga-eK-Hrx-aiJa vmg-xp-GQ-RUh-Fid-dka-VUd-Zis, figs-aiJa Fygs-qk-dia-qK-ja-Fla-HV-Eld-rk-lk-rka. qcd-jwok-ehks-SUv-ahln-jVia-vbla-ala-eI-tiv-els-ekx-xuJ rtu jVia-lk-DPf, rtis-Fkd-aiJa dm-nhkn-HV-vbla-luga. VK-FY-via dm-xp-dYbx-Woa-FI-aca-rahln-raygs-nis-GEh-Ep-cPf-jjvv-aiJa jEPgs-dmg-tcx-xp-jQogk-xkv-Tp (whk-Sls-jrtuls) Dpg-lk-He-BUb-Dks-qkd-jraul-wls-VK-jDf-HD jjtK jjwcs-HE-nK-vU-tp.

dka-dK-jef-jtpgx-jdpf-wyJa-jxugl-xK-aYf-RNa-RUh-dka-dhk-jxif-quf jjtK VUd-quf-jVia-lk-rka. qcd-jwok-nis-Wos-DNc-HV-tbk-eif jjtK jdiv-lk-rka-Fkd-Vbk, jjSb-qcd-jwok-div-xk-vbla-jdogk-DYd-Wua jqugl-FK-Hfh-BUb-Gdh-div-Qoa-tK-VUd-wls-qcd-jwok. vks-WiJs-Wlv-Woc-dm-lk-He-BUb-Rbcx-dia-Ga-rxUb-vhka-ahln jqugl-Wckx-Vlf-Hq-rtkn-wyJa.

apJ-jjxba-qkv-Woa-eka-ekf-Ga-lk-jxTPdkGSh-VK-xka-els-eK-SK-cif-dbla. vks-Woa-jtpgx-jVia--QUh-EbNc-Eka--Ga-lk-Epv-fNc jjthc-qcd-jwok-dmg-EuJ-wkn-div-Woa-luga.

jVia-jc-tk-rtkn-rxuga-Vp-Dpg-xK-xYf-ebca-Grnb-lk-He-BUb-jjvv-aiJa. jjSb-vmg-xp-Soc-jxuls, jqkK-rkd-jVia-Soc-jxuls-FK-Shls-xp-Woa-rtcs-rtkn jEPgs-FK-jRif-Grh-vmg-xp-Dpg-fPa-qNs-qm-eI-tiv-dka-VUd-Zis.

jc-tk-Gf-vmg-Hfh-jRif-dka-VUd-Zis, qcd-jwok-dm-FK-jRif-cNd-luga-jjDa-jEiga-cbk: SX-jjQba jqugl-jRif-jVia-jWugls-aYbs, VK-fPf-rxmJ, eka-dK-Sbk jjtK Viv-VYs-jRula-BUb-Grh-fp-wyJa. qcd-jwok-nis-Hfh-Vod-Vhls-fPa-jjfa jjtK lk-rka-wls-qcd-jwok-Fkd-jQogk-luga jjtK Fkd-eif-Vbk.

LEd-fp-rtkn-Dpg-jSid-aPd-Dks-dka-dK-jef-Hfh-qif-DK-ak-fp-wyJa. Ga-jjSb-tK-Vp qcd-jwok-FK-jdiv-Rid-ek-jxif-quf-qia-fp-Dpg-eYf-Hch jqugl-GEh-Ga-Vp-Smg-HV. figs-aiJa WYa-aK-qkv-wls-lk-rka-Fygs-fp-wyJa-jtuJlnA. Smg-xk-qcd-jwok-Hfh-RNa-RUhcP-Dp-dka-Geb-VY½n-eca jqugl-Grh-Hfh-Qoa-QK-tPf-jqpgx-wyJa. rtis-Fkd-aiJa, dmg-WoJa-qov-cP-Dp-dka-aI-GEh-Eoa-tK-VK-Dka jjtK dka-HC-fPa.

rtis-Fkd-rtkn-qia-Vp-Qbka-HV vks-Wlv-Woc-Dpg-VUd-quf-lk-rka-Hfh-Riv-Qoa-rtkn-dcbk-FI-aca-Dpg-Shls-dka, vks-Wlv-Woc-dm-dkn-jVia-QUh-EI-aka-Ga-ska-ep-xu-jEiga: dka-Fid-eka, dka-VK-fPf-jWugls-xu-SbksA...vks-Woa-Dpg-jRif-ska-eka-BUb-rxof-xuJ-dm-jtpgx-jRif-Hfh-Hc-wyJa jjtK jRif-Hfh-fp-rtkn-dcbk-Woa-Dpg-GEh-jc-tk-ebca-Grnb-BUb-div-dka-VUd-Zis, jEPgs-xia-fp-rtkn-Dpg-jjSb-tK-Woa-xp-Wckx-EbNc-Eka-eK-jqkK-Soc-wls-GQ-tkc. vks-Wlv-Woc-dm-ria-xk-QK-tPf-eK-jqkK-jjSb-dK-Sbk, vks-Wlv-Woc-dm-QK-tPf-jjSb-jWugls-xu, ebca-Wlv-Woc-luga-dm-jaiJa-Geb-jjSb-dka-VUd-Zis-jVia-lk-rka. Smg-xk-Fygs-jtpgx-xp-dka-jjtd-VbNa-dia-jdpf-wyJa.

rtcsqKvks VKxkaVp 1870, SocjxulsebcartknSPfdivjjxbaO rtu DKjt.

jxugl-xK-aYf-ria-xk-jRif-lk-Epv-eK-jqkK, dka-lk-He-jVia-rxUb-vhka-Fygs-vmg-Hfh-BUb-Ga-Wckx-WPf-wls-qcd-jwok-lpd-jjthc. Wlv-Woc-Dpg-QK-tPf-dK-Sbk-vmg-FI-jVia-Dpg-FK-Shls-lk-He-BUb-Gdh-eca-Qid-dm-Hfh, qcd-jwok-Shls-dka-qNs-vbla-jRif-cNd jEPgs-vmg-FI-jVia-Shls-xp-quJa-Dpg-dchks-Grnb, jjSb-Shls-dka-vbla-Dpg-Ekc-eca-ek-xkf-Eld-rk-jwok-jFoJk-Hfh-sbkn jjtK ek-xkf-jjtd-VbNa-dK-Sbk-div-lk-rka-Hfh. Chk-Ebks-Sp-jrtid, Ebks-jRif-dK-Sbk jjtK Ebks-eka-lugaA lk-He-BUb-Ga-rxUb-vhka-Dpg-Sbks-dia, xia-dm-jVia-dka-nkd-eI-tiv-Ekc-eca-Dpg-FK-HV-Eld-rk jjtK jRif-dka-jjtd-VbNa-div-qcd-jwok, jjSb-Chk-Ebks-ep-xu-jrtogk-apJ-lk-He-BUb-Gdh-dia dka-jjtd-VbNa-dm-FK-sbkn-wyJa. QUh-Whk-wkn-vks-Woa-Hfh-aI-jlok-QK-tPf-SK-qia-Fkd-jjfa-Hd-xk-jRif-dka-Whk-wkn rtu jjtd-VbNa-BUb-Ga-Soc-jxuls.

tls-WPf-jCPs-rxUb-vhka jjtK Soc-jxuls-Dpg-Dbka-RUh-Fid-fp-Dpg-eYf, Dbka-lkf-FK-qov-cbk jjRs-ska-dm-nis-Cud-Fif-jjvbs-jjvv-apJ-Wu-dia. Ga-rxUb-vhka VK-Ek-Eoa-ebca-Grnb-FK-VUd-Zis jjtK thNs-eif; Ga-Soc-jxuls VK-Ek-Eoa-jRif-lk-Epv-Dpg-vmg-Hfh-jqPgs-qk-dka-jRif-eca, qcd-jwok-VK-fPf-ePgs-wls-SbksA rtu aI-jlok-QK-tPf-SK-qia-Fkd-vbla-luga-jwoJk-xk-wkn rtu jVpf-vm-tP-dka-Bbks-Gf-raygs-Dpg-rxUb-vhka-ahln-vmg-xp-Grh-jria jqkK-Chk-vmg-xp-Woa-rtkn-qm dka-vm-tP-dka-jrtogk-aiJa-dm-vmg-lkf-jRif-Hfh.

jxugl-Soc-jxuls-wK-rnkn-Soc-lld xia-dm-fys-fUf-Woa-luga-jwoJk-xk-rtkn-wyJa. tls-FPa-SK-ak-dka-jCPs-qmg-Whk-Woa-raygs-Dpg-HV-nis-jdkK-lia-rbks-Hd jjtK-Hfh-aI-jlok-jWugls-jDf-Dpg-rk-nkd-jwoJk-xk-wkn-Ga-jxuls jEPgs-xp-VK-Ek-dla 5,000 Woa, tkc-lkf-FK-wkn-vmg-Hfh-qm-Fbkn-Wbk-jfpa-Dks-wls-tkc. jjSb-Chk-jxuls-xp-VK-Ek-dla 30,000 Woa, tkc-FK-Hfh-qm-Fbkn-Wbk-jfpa-Dks jjtK-lkf-FK-Hfh-dI-Ht-aI.

eK-aiJa nPgs-xp-Woa-jfpa-Dks-jwoJk-Soc-jxuls-rtkn-jDogk-Gf VK-Ek-Eoa-dm-nPgs-Bkd-FK-nhkn-jwoJk-HV-BUb-Ga-Soc-jxuls-Dpg-Grnb-dcbk-rtkn-jDogk-aiJa. vks-Soc-jxuls-dm-Grnb-wyJa-jtuJlnA-Foa-dkn-jVia-aK-Wla.

jxuls-Dpg-wK-rnkn-Soc-Hc-Dpg-eYf-jjxba-Soc-jxuls-Dpg-ek-xkf-jfpa-Dks-HV-rk-Hfh-sbkn-Dpg-eYf. Vod-dK-SP-jjthc via-fk-jxuls-Dis-rtkn-Fygs-xid-SiJs-BUb-Skx-jjWx-jjxb-aO-Grnb rtu jjWx-DK-jt, jqkK-Ga-eK-Hrx-dbla-dka-jfpa-Dks-DK-jt-jjxba-sbkn-dcbk-dka-jfpa-Dks-vod-rtkn. ald-Fkd-apJ jxuls-Dpg-wK-rnkn-Soc-fp-Dpg-eYf-jjxba-jxuls-Dpg-xp-tif-CK-vka-jwiJx-jjws jEPgs-ek-xkf-Vod-Vhls-VK-Ek-Eoa-Fkd-QUh-RYd-Rka jjtK Wcv-WYx-lk-EK-nk-dI-Hfh. vks-Soc-jxuls-Grnb-Ga-Ebcs-DI-lPf-Hfh-jdpf-wyJa-Ga-VK-jDf-lp-BPv, Fpa, npg-VYba, lPa-jfn jjtK jlp-Tov.

GaVp 1850 tlaflajViajxulsGrnbDpgeYfGaLtd jEPgs-xia-jjl-lif jjtK jVuJla-jVP.

aK-Wla-GrnbA

Ga-Vp 1850 tla-fla-Ga-VK-jDf-lis-dPf-Cu-cbk-jVia-aK-Wla-Grnb-Dpg-eYf-Ga-Ltd, xp-VK-Ek-dla-rtkn-dcbk-els-thka-Woa, xia-Grnb-dcbk-aK-Wla-rtcs-cNs-Fia-rtkn, jjSb-xia-jVuJla-jVP-rtkn-dcbk.

via-fk-LRs-ska-Hfh-Vbln-Wcia-fI-wyJa-eUb-lk-dkf; VK-Ek-Eoa-Fygs-xid-xp-lk-dka-rkn-GF-vmg-lld rtu vmg-eK-vkn-nhla-Wcia-qPf. VK-Ek-Eoa-qk-dia-CPJx-wpJ-jrnuJl-Bbks-EK-Ekn-tos-Skx-CK-raoa jRif-Grh-jaogk-jVugln jjtK-fys-fUf-FI-qcd-raU jjtK jjxs-Hxh-SbksA. raU jjtK jjxs-Hxh-Hfh-aI-jlok-qK-nkf-Fkd-Woa-raygs-HV-eUb-Woa-lugaA.

aO-jVuJla-dm-jjxba-lpd-via-rk-raygs. Sla-tla-fla-nis-jVia-jxuls-ahln-aiJa Ekc-eca-Hfh-HV-tcv-tcx-jlok-aO-jen jqugl-jRif-VY½n-Geb-eca-Qid. jjSb-jxugl-tla-fla-dkn-jVia-aK-Wla-Grnb Ekc-eca-Shls-nhkn-lld-HV-BUb-Hd jEPgs-jVia-Ht-nK-Dks-Dpg-Hd-jdpa-HV-Dpg-qcd-jwok-FK-jwoJk-xk-jdiv-jlok-aO-jen-Hfh. VK-Ek-Eoa-Fygs-Vbln-aO-jen-tos-jjxb-aO rtu wYf-jRif-jVia-rals-Grnb-Hch-whks-jRula-wls-qcd-jwok.

Woa-Ga-tla-fla-RUh-cbk-jjxb-aO-jSix-HV-fhcn-ePgs-Dpg-xp-Ep-cPf-ahlnA jjSb-qcd-jwok-vmg-RUh-cbk-ePgs-jrtogk-aiJa-ek-xkf-jRif-Grh-vmg-eK-vkn jjtK Skn-Hfh.

qcd-Woa-DYd-nkd-FI-aca-rtcs-rtkn-lk-He-BUb-GdhA-dia, dka-dK-DI-QPf-dm-jdpf-wyJa-Hfh-sbkn-Wu-dia-div-qK-nkf. tla-fla-dkn-jVia-vbla-lia-SK-tkn-Smg-dka-fI-tos-EpcPf. Ga-vm-tP-jca-Gdh-WNs lk-nY-eK-jtbn-wls-QUh-jen-EpcPf-jjxba 20 Vp. Ga-jwf-Eoa-aK-vof-VK-Ek-Eoa-ebca-Grnb-xp-lk-nY-tK-rcbks 40 rtu 50 Vp. jjSb-jCPs-Vka-aiJa FI-aca-Woa-Dpg-nhkn-Fkd-Eoa-aK-vof-jwoJk-xk-BUb-Ga-Soc-jxuls-dm-nis-jqpgx-wyJa-jtuJlnA.

Foa-jCPs-VK-FY-via-apJ qcd-jRok-dm-nis-jjVd-GF-BUb-cbk nhla-jrf-Gf-qcd-jwok-Fygs-vmg-lk-He-BUb-Ga-rxUb-vhka-wls-Soa jEPgs-jVia-vbla-Dpg-jRif-Grh-xp-eY-wK-qkv-jjws-jjRs jjtK-lk-dkf-eof-Ge-rtkn-dcbk, jEPgs-dm-xp-jrf-Qoa-rtkn-Bbks.

Ltd-tK-vkf-xid-jjQb-HV-Dogc-jxuls-jjl-lif-Ga-jlp-Tov jjtK-jl-jEn jEPgs-vmg-xp-GQ-Ekv-cbk-xia-jdpv-xk-Fkd-Ge rtu FK-Vhls-dia-xia-Hfh-jjac-Gf-jtpn. qkv-apJ-eK-jjfs-Grh-jria-Woa-Ga-tla-fla-dI-tis-woa-Woa-Skn-wyJa-Geb-dcNa jqugl-HV-Zis.

VK-dka-DI-lPf jjxba-qcd-jwok-vmg-xp-wmJ-xUa-qNs-qm-Ga-dka-Sif-ePa-GF-Dpg-fp. vks-jDugl qcd-jwok-lkf-FK-qov-div-Woa-Dpg-div-xk-jjSb-Soc-jxuls jjtK tO-tcn-xk, jjSb-qcd-jwok-vmg-jria-cbk-Dpg-aiJa-xp-Woa-Skn, jqkK-vmg-xp-rais-eu-qPx rtu LD-tK-qkv Dpg-FK-Ebcn-Grh-qcd-jwok-VNv-DNv-tK-rcbks-EpcPf-Ga-jxuls-div-EpcPf-Ga-Eoa-aK-vof.

qhlx-fNc-dia-apJ dm-xp-rtkn-Woa-Dpg-FI-GF-Shls-Fkd-Wlv-Woc, Fkd-eca-Qid-wls-Soa jaugls-Fkd-cbk-xp-jef-Cp-FI-aca-rahln-raygs-Shls-dka-Wlv-Wls-Dpg-fPa-Grh-rtkn-Dpg-eYf-jDogk-Dpg-FK-ek-xkf-jRif-Hfh. Woa-tcn-xp-lPf-DP-qoa-Dks-dka-jxuls. qcd-jwok-Hfh-VbNa-jjVs-dof-rxkn jqugl-FK-ek-xkf-jlok-Dpg-fPa-Fkd-Ekc-eca. Ekc-eca-Fygs-Hfh-eUa-jen-fPa-fla-wls-Soa-jls-HV jjvv-vmg-xp-Dks-jtuld. qcd-jwok-FI-Shls-lov-qK-nov-jwoJk-jxuls jqugl-Eld-lk-Epv jjtK jRif-cNd-Grh-Woa-luga. tla-fla jjtK aK-Wla-lugaA-Fygs-dkn-jVia-vbla-Dpg-jjl-lif-HV-fhcn-QUh-Woa.

apJ-jjxba-FY-tK-Epv-els-EK-aPf jEPgs-Cud-wK-rnkn-rtkn-fhcn-dhls-FY-tK-Dif-qP-jef.

FY-tK-Epv

vif-apJ qcd-jRok-FK-VbNa-HV-jcoJk-jtugls-luga-dbla-Fid-rahln-raygs-Wu: jtugls-FY-tK-Epv.

xp-qK-nkf-rtkn-Bbks-tK-vkf-Lfn-ePgs-fhcn-xp-EpcPf-ahlnA-Dpg-qcd-jRok-jlpJa-cbk: FY-tK-Epv. FY-tK-Epv jjxba: ePgs-xp-EpcPf-ahln-rtkn-Foa-jvPgs-vmg-jria, jjSb-xia-xp-BUb-lhlx-Soc-qcd-jRok jjtK qcd-jRok-dm-vmg-ek-xkf-BUb-Hfh-Chk-vmg-xp-qcd-xia. FY-tK-Epv FI-aca-rtkn xp-Qoa-fp-eI-tiv-qcd-jRok. xia-Ebcn-qcd-jRok-Ga-dka-nbln-lk-rka, Ebcn-rnbln-eK-rtkn-wpJ-jrnuJl, quf jjtK Ekd-eif-Skn tcx-Dis-ePgs-jef-jrtul-Fkd-xK-aYf-lpd-fhcn jEPgs-ePgs-jrtogk-apJ-dkn-jVia-ebca-raygs-wls-DI-xK-Ekf jjtK-ek-xkf-aI-xk-GEh-Grxb-Hfh-lpd.

jjSb-dm-xp-FY-tK-Epv-vks-EK-aPf-Dpg-qk-Grh-jdpf-qK-nkf. vks-EK-aPf-Ga-FY-tK-Epv-jrtogk-apJ-RNa-RUh-Dpg-FK-lk-He jjtK jjQb-qia-qkn-Ga-xK-aYf.

FY-tK-Epv FK-aI-jlok-qK-nkf-Fkd-Woa-raygs-HV-eUb-lugaA. qcd-xia-ek-xkf-jfpa-Dks-Hfh jxugl-xp-lk-Fox-qNs-jjSb-jef-ebca-ahlnA-wls-Woa-raygs-HV-eI-Qif-Geb-div-lk-rka-wls-QUh-luga jjthc-dm-jwoJk-HV-Ga-Rbks-dkn-wls-Woa-aiJa. dka-xp-jqf-eI-qia-tK-rcbks-Woa-els-Woa-jjxba-Ebls-Dks-raygs-Dpg-FY-tK-Epv-GEh-jfpa-Dks. jjSb-FY-tK-Epv-ebca-Grnb-FK-vmg-ek-xkf-xp-EpcPf-BUb-Hfh-foa-Foa-dcbk-xia-FK-Hfh-jwoJk-HV-Ga-Rbks-dkn-lia-lYba. jjes-jjff-ek-xkf-whk-qcd-xia-Hfh.

Ga-rxUb-vhka-Dpg-jRif-dka-VUd-Zis vks-jDugl-VK-Ek-Eoa-dm-jVia-Hwh-nhla-FY-tK-Epv-jjQb-xk-Fkd-Woa-luga. jjSb-Ga-jwf-Eoa-aK-vof xp-Woa-FI-aca-rahln, lk-He-BUb-rbks-Hd-dia-Ga-quJa-Dpg-dchks-Grnb; FY-tK-Epv ebca-Grnb-Fygs-Skn-dbla-Dpg-xia-FK-ek-xkf-jfpa-Dks-Fkd-Woa-raygs-HV-eUb-QUh-luga-Hfh.

Ga-Soc-jxuls-jjl-lif-HV-fhcn-QUh-Woa-Dpg-xp-eY-wK-lK-ak-Hx-vmg-fp, FY-tK-Epv Fygs-ek-xkf-jjQb-dK-Fkn-HV-eUb-Woa-lugaA-Hfh-sbkn-dcbk. jrf-dka-jjvv-apJ-jdpf-wyJa-rtkn-WiJs-jjthc-SK-rtlf-VK-rcif-ekf-Qbka-xk jEPgs-jqPga-jlpJa-cbk: LTd-tK-vkf. Ga-Vp 1347 xp-qK-nkf-Eug LTd-tK-vkf-ep-fI jdpf-wyJa-Ga-GF-dks-jl-jEn jjtK Hfh-jjQb-tkx-HV-Ga-jl-jEn-ebca-Grnb jjtK jlp-Tov. aid-VK-rcif-ekf-jEugl-cbk VK-Ek-dla-raygs-ebca-ekx-Ga-wos-jwf-Dpg-xp-LTd-tK-vkf Cud-whk-Skn. vks-wos-jwf xia-Hfh-whk-rxof-DYd-Woa-jtpn. xp-rtkn-qia-rxUb-vhka-Cud-eUa-rkn-HV jqkK-DYd-Woa-Skn-dia-rxof.

FY-tK-Epv jjxba-ePgs-xp-EpcPf-Dpg-ahln-rtkn-Foa-jvPgs-vmg-jria jjSbcbkxia-ek-xkf-whk-Dbka-Hfh!

jxugl-els-Rhln-Vp-dbla-vmg-xp-GQ-RUh-cbk FY-tK-Epv-lia-SK-tkn-wK-rakf-apJ. Ga-Vp 1878, f-T. LT-jvpf LWd -Hfh-eK-jjfs-Grh-jria-FY-tK-Epv-Dpg-jRif-Grh-jdpf-qK-nkf. whk-qK-jFoJk-Hfh-lbka-dbNc-div-jtugls-apJ-Ga-VyJx “dka-VK-fPf.”

fT. EK-La Hfh-jjShx-jjQa-Dpg-apJ jqugl-eis-jdf-jvPgs-vbla-Dpg-xp-Woa-Skn. jjQa-Dpg-Hfh-Ebcn-Grh-tkc-qP-eUf-cbk-aO-Fkd-ehks-fNc-Hfh-jRif-Grh-Woa-vmg-eK-vkn. Fkd-aiJa-tkc-dmg-eK-jjfs-cbk-aO-Ga-ehks-aiJa-Cud-Voa-jVuJla-fhcn-jEuJl-LTd-lK-rP-ck.

LTd-tK-vkf-Ga-tla-fla

vif-apJ qcd-jRok-FK-div-Wua-HV-jcoJk-jtugls-tla-fla.

Ga-Vp 1854 LTdlK-rPck-Hfh-tK-vkf-HV-Dogc-tla-fla-Bbks-Hc-ck-jVia-Sk-Bhka-rtkn. Ga-vm-tP-jca-Gdh-WNs-xp-Woa-Skn-jCPs 500 Woa-qkn-Ga-raygs-lk-DPf. Ga-Sla-jEoJk-VK-Ek-Eoa-Suga-wyJa-xk-qhlx-eY-wK-qkv-jjws-jjRs, jjSb-Shls-jen-EpcPf-tos-dbla-Sk-jcia-Sod-fPa.

Dbka-rxm jjtK aid-cP-DK-nk-ekf-jdigs-Dpg-eYf-Hfh-eyd-ek-LTd-tK-vkf, SiJs-GF-Eld-rk-SoJa-jrf jjtK cP-Dp-dI-Fif-xia-Grh-Hfh. jjSb-Dbka-rxm-Dis-rxof-Sbks-dm-xp-Wckx-WPf-jjvv-fNc-dia, qcd-jwok-jEugl-cbk lk-dkf-jVia-qPf-jVia-LS-jjQb-LTdlK-rPck. lia-apJ-dmg-jjxba-xUa-Wckx-FPs-jjDh jqkK-cbk-Ga-wos-jwf-Dpg-Woa-jVia-LTdlK-rPck-rtkn-aiJa lk-dkf-FK-xp-dPga-jrxia-jVia-qP-jef.

Dbka-rxm-QUh-raygs-vmg-nlx-Riv-DPf-eK-fp-aiJa jqPga-Eug-cbk f-T. EK-La. jqPga-eis-jdf-jria-cbk VK-Ek-Eoa-rkn-GF-jlok-lk-dkf-fNc-dia-aiJa vks-Woa-dm-Skn-nhla-LTdlK-rPck-jjDh, jjSb-dm-xp-vks-Woa-vmg-jFiv-Hwh-rnis-jtpn. vks-WiJs VK-Ek-Eoa-Dpg-lk-He-BUb-Ga-vbla-xp-lk-dkf-fp-dm-nis-jVia-Hwh-Hfh.

f-T. EK-La Fygs-qK-nk-nkx-Eld-rk-ek-jrf-jjDh-FPs-wls-xia. xp-GQ-jjfb-jVia-Hwh? nhla-rnis-qcd-jwok-Fygs-jVia-Hwh? jqkK-DPf-eK-fp-jtugls-lk-dkf-jVia-qPf-vmg-HfhlK-DP-vkn-Wckx-FPs-Dpg-jqPga-jria-jtpn. f-T. EK-La Fiv-jlok-jjQa-Dpg-Grnb-wls-tla-fla-xk-jvPgs jjthc-rxkn-vbla-Dpg-xp-Woa-Skn-fhcn-LTdlK-rPck. jxugl-rxkn-jjthc jqPga-dm-qov-wmJ-xUa-jjvv-fNc-dia-Dpg-Dbka-rxm-Woa-luga-Hfh-eyd-ek, jjSb-jqPga-qov-Ga-tid-eK-aK-Dpg-Sbks-dia. jqPga-Eld-rk-eK-jqkK-vbla-Dpg-jjSb-tK-Woa-Hfh-Skn-jDogk-aiJa, jqPga-Fygs-qov-Dia-Dp-cbk qcd-jwok-BUb-Rbcx-dia-jVia-dYbx-Ga-wos-jwf-fNc.

fT. EK-La Hfh-jlokWiaFivlldFkd-VO-aO-apJ-Ga-tla-fla jqugl-vmg-Grh-Woa-fugx-aO-Voa-jVuJla-lpd. VK-FY-via VO-aO-apJ-jVia-lK-aY-ek-cK-tp-Grh-jjdb-Qoa-ska-wls fT EK-La jjthc.

f-T. EK-La Hfh-SiJs-WI-Ckx-cbk: jjxba-rnis-jjSd-Sbks-Ga-wos-jwf-aiJa? jVia-rnis-VK-Ek-Eoa-Fygs-qk-dia-SPf-LTd-lK-rP-ck jjtK Skn? jqPga-Hfh-euv-eca-rtkn-wyJa jjtK eyd-ek-Foa-Hfh-WI-Slv-Wu: qcd-jwok-HV-Sid-jlok-aO-BUb-vmg-aO-fNc-dia jEPgs-jlpJa-cbk: d¾ld-aO CK-raoa v-Tlf (VO-BUb-CK-raoa-Eug v-Tlf “Âòïáä Óôòååô”). VK-Ek-Eoa-ePv-Woa-Dpg-Skn-vmg-Hfh-lk-He-BUb-vhka-fNc-dia, jjSb-jxugl f-T. EK-La Llh-tox-div-Wlv-Woc-wls-qcd-jwok-jjthc jqPga-dm-qov-cbk-qcd-jwok-HV-Sid-aO-xk-Fkd d¾ld-aO CK-raoa v-Tlf, Ga-aiJa-jjxba-jfid-ahln-ekx-Woa qcd-jwok-HV-LRs-RNa-Dpg-BUb-Gdh-div d¾ld-aO CK-raoa v-Tlf, ebca-qcd-Dpg-jrtul-HV-Sid-jlok-aO-ehks jqkK-qcd-jwok-xid-tof-Ekf-wls-xia.

tK-vov-Dmg-tK-vkn-aO-jen-GSh-fPa-wls-tla-fla-jjxba-jjqs-rtkn-Ga-dka-ehks jjSb-xia-dmg-Hfh-Ebcn-rtkn-Rhln-qia-Ep-cPf. qkv-apJ-eK-jjfs-Grh-jria-Woa-ska-dI-tis-Ehlx-jjVs rtis-Fkd-DpgHfh-ehks-xia-jjthc.

f-T. EK-La dbkc-cbk “qcd-jRok-Wca-jlokWiaFivlld-Fkd-VO-aO-jen jqugl-vmg-Grh-QUh-Gf-GEh-xia-lpd.” Dbka-rxm-Woa-luga-vmg-nlx-Riv-dka-eK-rtYv-jjvv-apJ, qcd-jwok-nis-Wos-jEugl-cbk lk-dkf-jVia-qPf-jjxba-LS-jjQb-jEuJllK-rPck, jjSb-Dbka-rxm EK-La Bua-Bia jjtK Ga-Dpg-eYf jqPga-dm-tK-fox-Grh-qcd-jwok-jlok-WiaFiv-aO-lld.

qK-nkf-dm-BYf-jjQb-tK-vkf-Dia-Dp. dox-ek-Dk-tK-aK-eYd-wls-Dks-dka-Hfh-euv-eca dm-qov-cbk aO-ehks-BUb-Gdh-aO-jVuJla-jdpa-HV jEPgs-jRif-Grh-aO-jVuJla-Hrt-Eyx-jwoJk-HV-rk-aO-ehks. Ga-Wkc-aiJa-nis-vmg-xp-GQ-RUh-jDuglcbk-jEuJl-LTd-ek-xkf-jjQb-dK-Fkn-qK-nkf, jjSb-qcd-jwok-RUh-jjthc-cbk aO-jVuJla-Fkd-Woa-jVia-LTd-lK-rPck-Hfh-HV-SPf-jEuJl-Geb-QUh-luga-Smg Lfn-dka-Hrt-Eyx-jwoJk-HV-Ga-aO-dPa-aO-GEh-wls-qcd-jwok.

ePv-Vp-Smg-xk aK-Wla-tla-fla-Hfh-ehks-tK-vov-aO-jVuJla-Grnb-jjrbs-Grxb-wyJa. qcd-jwok-Zis-Dmg-Grnb-Hch-dhls-quJa-fPa jqugl-tK-vkn-aO-jVuJla-lld-Fkd-aK-Wla. xia-jjxba-LWs-dka-Dpg-xp-Wbk-GEh-Fbkn-rtkn, jjSb-xia-jRif-Grh-tla-fla-jVia-aK-Wla-Dpg-Vlf-Hq-jjdb-dka-fI-tos-EpcPf.

f-T. EK-La Hfh-BYf-dka-tK-vkf-wls-LTd-lK-rP-ck jqkK-jqPga-Hfh-jjac-WPf-jjSd-Sbks-Fkd-Dbka-rxm-Woa-lugaA. jqPga-vmg-Bhka-Dpg-FK-eyd-ek-Wckx-WPf-wls-Soa-jls-cbk Cud rtu QPf.

LTd-tK-vkf-lugaA

Dbka-rxm-rtkn-Woa-nis-Wos-GEh-jjQa-Dpg jxugl-qcd-jwok-qK-nk-nkx-Dpg-FK-BYf-dka-tK-vkf. Ga-Vp 1987 LTdlK-rPck-Hfh-tK-vkf-HV-Dogc-dp-ja-vPf-Ekc jEPgs-jVia-VK-jDf-DYd-nkd-Ga-lk-z-TP-dk. Dbka-rxm-QUh-jRif-dka-euv-eca-Hfh-ehks-jjQa-Dpg-wyJa-xk jjthc-FO-jxif-ep-fI-Geb-eK-jqkK-vbla-xp-QUh-jen-EpcPf. VK-dof-cbk FO-jxif-Dis-rxof-HV-tcx-dia-jVia-dYbx-BUb-Skx-jjWx-DK-jt jEPgs-Hfh-Wckx-cbk eif-DK-jt-xp-VmJ-Dpg-SPf-jEuJl-jjxba-qk-rK-aK-jjQb-LTd-qK-nkf.

jjSb-dm-qov-cbk-BUb-jDPs-jjQba-fPa-Hd-Fkd-DK-jt xp-FO-jxif-lpd-FI-aca-rtkn. Ga-rxUb-vhka-WPa-Ek-ak jEPgs-Hd-Fkd-DK-jt-rtkn xp 80 Woa-jen-EpcPf-nhla-LTdlK-rPck. Ga-rxUb-vhka-luga-lpd-dm-xp-Woa-jen-EpcPf-fhcn-LTdlK-rPck-jCPs 11 Woa. f-T. ja-Dka jE-jzp, QUh-euv-eca-jtugls-LTd-tK-vkf-Hfh-jwoJk-HV-rk-jjSb-tK-rxUb-vhka jqugl-Eld-rk-ePgs-Dpg-jqPga-ek-xkf-eyd-ek-Hfh.

vhkaraygs--Ga dp-ja-vPf-Ekc, lk-zTP-dk, LTd-lK-rP-ck-tK-vkn-Hfh-whk-rtkn-Woa-Ga-vhka-raygs. ebca-Woa-Dpg-thks-xu-Geb-eK-vU-FK-eY-wK-qkv-jjws-jjRs-dcbk.

jxugl-Dbka-rxm-jRif-dka-euv-eca-jtugls-LTd-tK-vkf qcd-jwok-Hfh-Ckx-WI-Ckx-dbNc-div-DYd-ePgs-Dpg-lkf-FK-jVia-LS-jjQb-jEuJl-Hfh. f-T. jE-jzp Hfh-eyd-ek-cbk Ga-jjSb-tK-rxUb-vhka-FK-xp-vks-Woa-Dpg-jRif-cNd-Gdh-div-jjWx-DK-jt-jVia-Hwh jjthc-qcd-jwok-dmg-div-vhka Smg-xk-qcd-jwok-dm-jen-EpcPf. Ga-rxUb-vhka-jjrbs-raygs jWPgs-raygs-wls-VK-Ek-Eoa-QUh-Dpg-HV-Rbcx-ska-eov Smg-xk-dm-qk-dia-Vbcn-jVia-qK-nkf-lK-rP-ck. vif-apJ jqPga-Fygs-RUh-ek-jrf-dka-tK-vkf-wls-qK-nkf-jDPs-jjQba-fPa.

f-T. jE-jzp Hfh-Llh-tox-div-rtkn-Wlv-Woc-Ga-els-rxUb-vhka. jqPga-Hfh-qov-Wckx-FPs-eI-Wia-lpd-Bbks-raygs-Wu: vks-Wlv-Woc-xp-eK-vU-BUb-Ga-jRula-eI-tiv-GEh-thks-xu, vks-Wlv-Woc-vmg-xp. Ga-Wlv-Woc-Dpg-xp-eK-vU-thks-xu FK-xp-eY-wK-qkv-jjws-jjRs-rtkn-dcbk-Wlv-Woc-Dpg-vmg-xp-eK-vU-eI-tiv-GEh-thks-xu.

divWuaSlaDp2 Ü Ý Þ Þ Ý Ü SmgHV SlaDp4

div-Wua-eUb-dka-jtuld